Steps In a Criminal Case
What happens during a criminal case can be confusing to people not familiar with the scheme of criminal justice. The following summary will explain how a case generally progresses through Michigan's criminal justice system. Specific procedures may be modified by local courts or judges. For the definition of a unfamiliar term, please go to the Legal Glossary section.
Crime Committed / Police Notified and Investigate
Investigation may include interviewing the victim(s), witnesses and suspect(s), collecting physical evidence, photographing and measuring the crime scene, obtaining records, and so forth. Some investigations are conducted by responding officers while others are referred to detectives.
Police Make an Arrest (or Request a Warrant)
When the investigating officer has probable cause to believe that one or more misdemeanors or felonies were committed – or if a crime is committed in a police officer's presence - the officer may arrest a suspect on the spot without an arrest warrant. The officer will later submit a charging/warrant request to the Prosecuting Attorney, suggesting potential charges to be authorized.
Warrant/Charging Request Reviewed by Prosecuting Attorney
Most cases begin with a warrant request. This is generally the first time that the Prosecuting Attorney's office is involved in a case, unless a prosecutor reviewed a search warrant or visited the crime scene. At this stage, the Prosecutor determines whether a person should be charged with a crime and, if so, what the crime should be. The Prosecutor must thoroughly review all reports and records concerning the case, including witness statements. The Prosecutor also reviews the suspect's prior criminal or traffic record. Occasionally, the reviewing Prosecutor sends the case back to the police to conduct additional investigation
Warrant Issued
The Prosecutor can issue a charge if he or she reasonably believes that probable cause exists that the suspect committed the offense. But, most reviewing Prosecutors apply a higher standard, whether the charge can be proved beyond a reasonable doubt at trial with the information known at that time. If the reviewing Prosecutor believes the case is sufficiently strong, one or more charges will be authorized. If not, the suspect will be released.
Suspect Arrested (if not already in custody)
The delay between the crime date and the defendant's arrest on an authorized charge can take any length of time (e.g., if the defendant's whereabouts are unknown, or if the defendant has left the State of Michigan). If the suspect is already in custody, the review process will be handled in an expedited manner.
District Court Arraignment
This is the first court appearance for any misdemeanor or felony. The defendant is told what the charge(s) is (are) and the maximum penalty if convicted, and is advised of his or her Constitutional rights (to a jury or bench trial, an appointed attorney, the presumption of innocence, etc.) The charging document is called a Complaint. The Judge also determines the bond (for pretrial release) along with any conditions imposed upon the defendant during his or her pretrial release (such as "no contact" with the victim). Bond is set in almost every case, but it is up to the defendant's own resources to post the bail money, which allows him to be released. Finally, a pretrial conference date will be set.
All further pre-trial procedures are determined by whether the defendant is charged with a felony or misdemeanor:
Misdemeanor
Arraignment. At a misdemeanor arraignment, the defendant will be given a chance to enter a plea to the charge: plead guilty, plead not guilty, or stand mute (i.e., remain silent, which is treated by the Court as if the defendant pled not guilty). If the defendant stands mute or pleads not guilty, as is typically the case, the matter will be scheduled for a pre-trial conference with the Prosecuting Attorney.
Pretrial Conference. Nearly all misdemeanor cases are scheduled for a meeting between a Prosecuting Attorney and the defendant (or his or her attorney) to determine whether the case will go to trial or be resolved by some other means. These meetings focus on resolving the case short of trial. The Judge and witnesses are not directly involved in misdemeanor pre-trial conferences. If a plea agreement is going to be offered by the Prosecutor, it is done here.
Pretrial Proceedings. Many other events can occur prior to trial. Depending on the nature of the case, there may be pre-trial hearings on Constitutional issues (confessions, searches, identification, etc.). The issues are presented to the Court through written "motions" (e.g., Motion to Suppress Evidence, etc.). The judge must determine whether evidence will be admitted or suppressed at the defendant's trial, whether there is some legal reason why the defendant should not be tried, or decide other ground rules for trial.
Felony
At a felony arraignment in District Court, the defendant does not plead guilty or not guilty. The defendant is advised of his or her rights, a bond (with conditions) is set and a Preliminary Examination date is scheduled. The arraigning Judge may also consider a defendant's request for a court-appointed attorney at this time.
Pre-Exam Conference. Some courts schedule a "Pre-Exam Conference" several days before the scheduled Preliminary Examination. The Pre-Exam Conference operates like a misdemeanor pre-trial conference as a meeting between the Prosecutor and defendant (or his or her attorney) to see if the case can be resolved without the need to subpoena witnesses for the "Preliminary Examination." Pleas to one or more misdemeanor charges will be entered at this stage.
Felony Preliminary Examination. This is a contested hearing before a District Court Judge, sometimes called a "probable cause hearing," held within 14 days after arraignment unless the defendant waives the right to a “speedy” hearing. The Prosecutor presents witnesses to convince the Judge that there is at least probable cause to believe that the charged crime(s) was (were) committed and that the defendant committed the crime(s). Because the burden of proof is much less than at a trial, the Prosecutor generally does not call all potential witnesses to testify at the "prelim"; generally, the victim and some eye witnesses plus some of the police witnesses testify. The defendant, through his or her attorney, can cross-examine the witnesses and present evidence (including witnesses). If probable cause is established, the defendant is "bound over" (i.e., sent) to Circuit Court. If the Judge decides that there is not probable cause that the defendant committed the charged crime(s), the judge can 1) bind the case over on different charges, 2) reduce the charges to misdemeanors for trial in District Court or 3) dismiss charges. A defendant can waive the right to a Preliminary Examination, and most felonies arrive in Circuit Court via such a "waiver."
Circuit Court Arraignment. After the case is sent to Circuit Court, the defendant is again arraigned (given formal notice of the charges against him or her). The charging document is called an Information. He or she is again advised of his or her Constitutional rights, and enters a plea to the charge (guilty, not guilty or “stand mute”).
Pre-Trial Conference. The Circuit Court usually schedules a meeting between a Prosecuting Attorney and the defendant's attorney to determine whether the case will go to trial or be resolved some other way.
Pretrial Proceedings. The Circuit Court Judge may be called upon to resolve various pre-trial issues, some of which determine whether the case will continue to a trial, be resolved with a plea, or be dismissed or whether certain evidence will be admissible at trial.
Trial (Jury or Bench/Judge)
A trial is an adversary proceeding in which the Prosecutor must present evidence to prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The defendant is not required to prove his or her innocence or to present any evidence, but may challenge the accuracy of the Prosecutor's evidence. Both the defendant and the Prosecutor (representing the People of the State of Michigan) have the right to a trial by a jury. Sometimes, both sides agree to let a Judge listen to the evidence and decide the case without a jury; this is called a "bench trial." In a jury trial, however, the jury is the "trier of fact" and decides the case. After the evidence is presented, the judge or a jury will determine whether the evidence proved that the defendant committed the crime.
Here is a general outline of the steps in a jury trial (for misdemeanors and felonies alike unless otherwise noted):
residents of the County are randomly selected from a Secretary of State list of licensed drivers, and are summoned to the Court as potential jurors; a blind draw selects twelve people from that group in felonies (six in District Court misdemeanors); the Judge, Prosecutor and defense attorney question the jurors about their backgrounds and beliefs (called Voir Dire); the attorneys are permitted a number of "peremptory" challenges to excuse jurors (and an unlimited number of challenges for good cause shown); after twelve (or six) acceptable jurors are agreed upon by both sides, the Judge administers an oath to the jury and reads basic instructions about the trial process, etc.; the Prosecutor gives an opening statement to outline the People's case and evidence to the jury; the defense may give a similar opening statement, or wait until later in the trial; the Prosecutor calls witnesses, which the defense may cross-examine; the People close their proofs; the defense may call witnesses, if it wants, and the Prosecutor may cross-examine them; the defense rests; the Prosecutor may present "rebuttal" witnesses to challenge evidence presented by the defendant; the Prosecutor rests; occasionally, the trial judge will let the defense present "sur-rebuttal" witnesses to respond to the Prosecutor's rebuttal witnesses' testimony; the Prosecutor presents a closing argument to the jury; the defense attorney presents a closing argument to the jury; the Prosecutor may present a rebuttal argument to the jury to respond to the defendant's attorney's closing summary; the Judge gives the jury detailed legal instructions about the charged crimes, the deliberation process, etc.; the jury deliberates and returns a verdict.
A criminal case jury verdict must be unanimous.
Pre-Sentence Investigation and Report
The court's probation department prepares a report for the judge summarizing the crime, and the defendant's personal and criminal backgrounds. Generally, the victim is contacted for a recommendation of sentence and to determine the amount of restitution that is owed. The probation officer concludes the report with a recommended sentence.
Sentence
Sentencing in Michigan varies with the crime and can be the most confusing part of the criminal process. Most often, sentences are at the judge's discretion. The judge will consider the information in the pre-sentence report (subject to factual corrections by the parties), additional evidence offered by the parties, comments by the crime victim, and other information relevant to the judge's sentencing decision. For felonies, the Circuit Court judge will consult "sentencing guidelines" (originally established by the Michigan Supreme Court, but now applicable by recent "Truth in Sentencing" laws). The sentencing guidelines factor in aspects of the defendant's criminal conduct and his or her prior criminal record to determine the minimum jail/prison sentence. The judge may consider different alternatives, such as a fine, probation, community service, a sentence to jail or prison, or a combination. The judge must also order the defendant to make restitution to any victims who have suffered financial harm.
Appeals
Appeals from the District Court are heard in the Circuit Court. Appeals from a Circuit Court or Probate Court order are heard in the Michigan Court of Appeals. Appeals from Court of Appeals decisions are heard in the Michigan Supreme Court. There are three kinds of appeals: (1) interlocutory, (2) of right, and (3) by leave.
An Interlocutory appeal occurs when a party tries to appeal a judge's decision before the case has come to trial or before a trial is finished. An appeal of right occurs after a final order has been entered by the trial court (either a sentencing order, or an order dismissing the charge). A recent amendment to the Michigan Constitution has eliminated most appeals of right when a defendant pleads guilty. Most appeals of right now focus on the sentence imposed. An appeal by leave of the court occurs when an appeal of right is not available (e.g., because an available appeal of right was not filed on time). The appellate court has the discretion to reject the appeal or can "grant leave".
If the appellate court grants leave to appeal, the defendant and Prosecutor file briefs that summarize the case facts, frame the legal issues to be decided, and present persuasive written arguments (supported by constitutional, statutory or prior case decision authority). Either party can request that the case be scheduled before the appellate court judges for oral argument. The appellate court will eventually issue a written opinion (or several opinions, if the justices disagree). Not all appellate opinions are "published" (i.e., printed in official "reporter" services, such as Michigan Reporter or Michigan Appellate Reporter). The legal analysis and conclusions in published opinions are given greater weight than "unpublished" opinions.
Contact: |
Jeffrey Rogg - Prosecuting Attorney Phone: 906-863-2002 Click here to email |
Address: |
839 10th Ave.
Menominee, MI 49858 Map |
Office Hours: |
8:00 AM - 4:30 PM ~ Monday Through Friday |
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